很多人以为，核酸采样后直接用机器检测，很快就能出结果了。但是现实却是…
Many people think that if the nucleic acid is tested directly by a machine, the results will be obtained soon.But the reality is...
我刷了一次又一次，怎么结果还没有出来啊？
I've tried many times, why haven't the results come out yet?
一起来看下核酸报告产生全过程↓
其实，采样人员在你的鼻部/咽部“轻捻慢拢”后，核酸检测还有七八个环节！In fact, after the medical staff samples your nose or pharynx, there are still seven or eight links for nucleic acid testing!
来看看一份完整的核酸报告是如何诞生的↓
Let's take a look at how a complete nucleic acid report was born.↓
第一步，标本采集
The first step, specimen collection
市民们所感受到的核酸检测，实际上只是核酸检测全流程的第一步——捅鼻子、捅喉咙，或者两者皆有。
The nucleic acid test that citizens feel is actually just the first step in the whole process of nucleic acid testing——poke the nose, poke the throat, or both.
第二步，标本转运
The second step, specimen transfer
采样点采集完成的标本，需要转运到检测实验室，转运员需要将每一个标本的条码信息核对一遍，然后放进专用的、严密包装的转运箱，并且需要对转运箱表面进行消杀，避免在转运过程中发生交叉感染。
Specimens collected at the sampling point need to be transported to the testing laboratory. The transporter needs to check the barcode information of each specimen, and then put it into a special and tightly packed transport box, and the surface of the transport box needs to be sterilized to avoid Cross-infection occurs during transit.
标本转运至实验室后，并不是马上就能开始检验，还需要再次确认信息，由转运人员和标本接收人员同时进行仔细的信息核对、交接。
After the specimen is transferred to the laboratory, the inspection cannot be started immediately, and the information needs to be reconfirmed.
第三步，标本验收及录入
The third step, specimen acceptance and entry
交接完成后，工作人员逐一拆开包装，将每一份标本的信息人工录入系统，录入信息时一个标本需要经手4到5遍。
After the handover is completed, the staff unpacks one by one, and manually enters the information of each specimen into the system. When entering information, a specimen needs to be handled 4 to 5 times.
此时，防备之心可是一点儿也不能松。检验人员要识别空管或溢洒情况的发生。尤其在大人群10:1混采时，小小的试管被拭子挤满，一旦阳性样本出现了溢洒，一方面可能造成其他样本结果的污染（假阳性），另一方面对实验室的生物安全产生威胁。
At this time, the heart of precaution can not be relaxed at all. Inspectors are to identify the occurrence of empty pipes or spills. Especially in the 10:1 mixed collection of large groups, the small test tubes are crowded with swabs. Once the positive samples are spilled, on the one hand, it may cause contamination of other sample results (false positives), and on the other hand, it will affect the laboratory's results. Threats to biosecurity.
检验人员为刚刚送到的样本进行编号和信息录入工作
一个信息整个录入过程至少需要1到2分钟，这是为了保证每个样本信息的准确性。那么粗略统计，一百人的信息录入时间就至少需要近两小时了。
The entire input process of an information takes at least 1 to 2 minutes, which is to ensure the accuracy of each sample information. So rough statistics, the information input time of 100 people will take at least nearly two hours.
而16、17日两天上海针对重点区域进行筛查，总共采样1400多万人次完成检测，18、19日采样量达到2100多万人次。
On the 16th and 17th, Shanghai conducted screening for key areas. A total of more than 14 million people were sampled to complete the test, and the number of samples on the 18th and 19th reached more than 21 million people.
第四步，提取核酸
The fourth step, extract nucleic acid
样本信息保存后，专业技术人员将标本里的核酸提取出来，然后再将提取出的核酸加入扩增体系。
After the sample
information is stored, professional technicians extract the nucleic acid from
the sample, and then add the extracted nucleic acid to the amplification
system.
根据不同的提取试剂体系，一般需要耗时1小时左右。该步骤需要检验专业人员裹成“大白”，在生物安全柜中进行。上海市第十人民医院副院长孙奋勇说：“这一步对实验人员操作的要求很高，也是核酸检测过程中对结果质量影响最大的一步。”According to different extraction reagent
systems, it generally takes about 1 hour. This step requires inspection
professionals to be wrapped and carried out in a biological safety cabinet. Sun
Fenyong, vice president of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, said: "This
step has high requirements for laboratory personnel, and it is also the step
that has the greatest impact on the quality of the results in the nucleic acid
detection process."
检验人员正在进行核酸提取环节中的加样步骤
那什么是扩增？So what is amplification?
同济大学附属东方医院南院检验科PCR实验室主任吴文娟说，如果把样本提取出来的核酸看作是一块土地，新冠病毒是种子，如何知道土地里有没有种子？简单的方法是，加点水和肥料（试剂），让种子一个变两个、两个变四个、四个变八个……“微量样本不容易检测到，所以要让它变多，才能方便检测。”Wu Wenjuan, director of the PCR
laboratory of the Southern Hospital of Tongji University Affiliated East
Hospital, said that if the nucleic acid extracted from the sample is regarded
as a piece of land, and the COVID-19 virus is a seed, how do you know if there
are seeds in the land? The simple way is to add some water and fertilizers
(reagents) to change one seed to two, two to four, and four to eight..."
Micro samples are not easy to detect, so it is convenient to make it more
detection."
第五步，上机检测
The fifth step, on-board detection
加入需检测的核酸后，反应体系进行荧光PCR扩增反应，根据使用的PCR试剂和仪器的不同，时间也略有不同，一般需要耗时90-120分钟。
After adding the nucleic acid to be detected, the reaction system performs a fluorescent PCR amplification reaction. The time is slightly different depending on the PCR reagents and instruments used. Generally, it takes 90-120 minutes.
过程中仪器一旦启动，扩增程序不能中途停下添加新的标本，必须要等这一批完成后，才能进行下一批标本扩增。这也是为什么核酸检测不能做到随到随测的原因之一。
Once the instrument is started during the process, the amplification procedure cannot stop to add new samples, and the next batch of sample amplification must be completed after this batch is completed. This is one of the reasons why nucleic acid testing cannot be done on-the-go.
当反应管在机器上开始检验后，也就意味着“开弓没有回头箭”——从采样到核酸制备任何一个环节出现问题都可能导致返工重测，从而使报告时间加倍。
When the reaction tube is tested on the machine, it means "there is no turning back"——problems in any link from sampling to nucleic acid preparation may lead to rework and retesting, thus doubling the reporting time.
第六步，复核结果
The sixth step, Review the results
当取得核酸扩增结果后，实验人员需要对结果中的可疑阳性和各种原因导致的对结果判读有影响的样本进行复测，以保证结果的可靠性，一般复测占总检测数的1%左右。After the nucleic acid amplification results are obtained, the laboratory personnel need to re-test the suspected positive samples in the results and the samples that have an impact on the interpretation of the results due to various reasons to ensure the reliability of the results. Generally, re-tests account for 1% of the total number of tests.
一旦复测，就需要核对样本后，重复第四及第五步骤，这些结果至少需要延迟2小时左右。Once the test is repeated, you need to check the samples and repeat the fourth and fifth steps. These results need to be delayed for at least 2 hours.
第七步，质量保证
The seventh step, quality assurance
复测样本以外，实验室对核酸检测有一整套质量保证程序。一旦实验过程中出现可疑的质量问题，都会对可能的环节进行验证、复核，这些工作均需要占用原本的检测时间。最常见的是如果出现可疑的阳性核酸污染实验环境，就需要立即对实验室环境及仪器进行全面消杀，去除可能的核酸污染后，方可继续实验。
In addition to the retested samples, the laboratory has a complete set of quality assurance procedures for nucleic acid testing. Once a suspicious quality problem occurs during the experiment, the possible links will be verified and reviewed, and these tasks will take up the original detection time. The most common is that if there is a suspected positive nucleic acid contamination of the experimental environment, the laboratory environment and instruments need to be completely disinfected immediately, and the possible nucleic acid contamination can be removed before continuing the experiment.
第八步，结果上传
The eighth step, upload the results
最后一步，工作人员将结果上传。此时才是完整的一个核酸检测周期。
In the final step, the staff uploads the results.This is the complete nucleic acid detection cycle.
由于最近全市对重点区域进行较大范围核酸检测，加上多区要求凭检测阴性报告上班，导致检测样本量激增，为了检测的安全准确，按部就班的程序每一个都不能马虎，各环节的工作人员都在争分夺秒、保质保量工作中。
Due to the recent large-scale nucleic acid testing in key areas in the city, and the requirement of multiple districts to work with negative test reports, the number of test samples has surged. They are racing against time to ensure quality and quantity.
这几天，检验人员都在超负荷工作
这么多步骤下来，有时延迟难以避免，“大白”们已经加足马力，希望大家多些理解和支持，一起战胜疫情！
After so many steps,Delays are inevitable, The doctors have stepped up their horsepower,I hope you will understand and support more.Let's beat the epidemic together!
来源：上观新闻、新民晚报、话匣子等
Source: Shangguan News, Xinmin Evening News, Chatbox, etc.